Cholesterol
Sources
Every numbered claim on the overview and article pages is listed here with the exact passage it rests on. 121 passages were checked word-for-word against the saved copies listed below.
Current evidence
- 1
Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance your body needs for good health, in the right amounts.
“Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance that your body needs for good health, but in the right amounts.”
NHLBI (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — What Is Blood Cholesterol?Passage verified word-for-word in saved copy
- 2
High levels of LDL ("bad") cholesterol can build up as plaque in the arteries, which can lead to a heart attack or stroke.
“High levels of “bad” LDL cholesterol may create a buildup of”
“This buildup can lead to a heart attack, stroke, or other health problems.”
NHLBI (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — What Is Blood Cholesterol?Passage verified word-for-word in saved copy
- 3
HDL ("good") cholesterol carries cholesterol to the liver to be removed, and high HDL may lower your risk.
“High levels of “good” HDL cholesterol may lower your risk for health problems.”
“HDL cholesterol carries cholesterol and plaque to the liver to be flushed out of the body.”
NHLBI (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — What Is Blood Cholesterol?Passage verified word-for-word in saved copy
- 4
Routine blood tests show whether your cholesterol levels are healthy.
“Routine blood tests can show whether your cholesterol levels are healthy or unhealthy.”
NHLBI (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — What Is Blood Cholesterol?Passage verified word-for-word in saved copy
- 5
High LDL cholesterol usually causes no symptoms; most people find out from a blood test at a routine visit.
“cholesterol usually do not cause”
“Most people do not know they have high blood cholesterol until they have a blood test during a routine healthcare visit.”
NHLBI (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Blood Cholesterol — SymptomsPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
- 6
Very high cholesterol that runs in families can cause fatty bumps on the skin and grayish-white rings around the cornea.
“Fatty bumps ( xanthomas ) on your skin , especially on the elbows, joints, knees, hands, ankles, or buttocks”
“that appear around the cornea in your eye”
“These signs develop mostly in people who have very high cholesterol that runs in families (”
NHLBI (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Blood Cholesterol — SymptomsPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
- 7
Undiagnosed or untreated high cholesterol can lead to heart attack and stroke.
“Undiagnosed or untreated high blood cholesterol can lead to serious problems, such as heart attack and stroke”
NHLBI (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Blood Cholesterol — SymptomsPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
- 8
A lipid panel measures LDL and HDL cholesterol and triglycerides. LDL is the main source of buildup and blockages in the arteries; triglycerides are another type of fat in the blood.
“A lipoprotein panel, also called a lipid panel or lipid profile, measures the levels of LDL and HDL cholesterol and”
“LDL (“bad”) cholesterol, which is the main source of cholesterol buildup and blockages in the”
“Triglycerides , which are another type of fat in your blood”
NHLBI (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Blood Cholesterol — DiagnosisPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
- 9
Non-HDL cholesterol is total cholesterol minus HDL cholesterol.
“such as your non-HDL cholesterol (total cholesterol minus HDL cholesterol)”
NHLBI (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Blood Cholesterol — DiagnosisPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
- 10
A healthy lipid profile has non-HDL below 130 mg/dL, with HDL of at least 40 mg/dL for men and 50 mg/dL for women.
“The goal for a healthy lipid profile is to have non-HDL levels below 130 milligrams (mg) per deciliter (dL) with an HDL of at least 40 mg/dL for men and 50 mg/dL for women.”
NHLBI (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Blood Cholesterol — DiagnosisPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
- 11
Screening starts at ages 9 to 11 and repeats every 5 years; younger adults every 5 years; men 45 to 65 and women 55 to 65 every 1 to 2 years; over 65, every year.
“Screening begins at ages 9 to 11 and should be repeated every 5 years.”
“Ages 20 to 65: Younger adults should be screened every 5 years. Men ages 45 to 65 and women ages 55 to 65 should be screened every 1 to 2 years.”
“Older than 65: Older adults should be screened every year.”
NHLBI (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Blood Cholesterol — DiagnosisPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
- 12
You may be asked to fast for 8 to 12 hours before the test.
“Your healthcare provider may ask you to fast for 8 to 12 hours before a”
NHLBI (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Blood Cholesterol — DiagnosisPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
- 13
Lp(a) is not part of a routine panel. A high level can mean higher risk even when other levels are healthy; it may be tested if you have a family history of stroke or early heart disease, or do not know your family history.
“A lipoprotein-a, or Lp(a), test is not usually part of a routine lipid panel.”
“High levels of Lp(a) may mean you are at higher risk of heart or blood vessel diseases, even if your other cholesterol levels are healthy.”
“Your healthcare provider may order an Lp(a) test if you have a family history of stroke, early heart disease, such as a heart attack, or do not know your family medical history.”
NHLBI (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Blood Cholesterol — DiagnosisPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
- 14
For adults 20 and older, healthy levels are total cholesterol below 200 mg/dL, non-HDL below 130, and LDL below 100; an HDL of 60 or more is best.
“Men age 20 or older:”
“Less than 200 mg/dL”
“Less than 130 mg/dL”
“Less than 100 mg/dL”
“Greater than or equal to 60 mg/dL is best.”
MedlinePlus (U.S. National Library of Medicine) — Cholesterol Levels: What You Need to KnowPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
- 15
An HDL below 40 mg/dL in men, or below 50 mg/dL in women, is considered low.
“Levels less than 40 mg/dL are considered low.”
“Levels less than 50 mg/dL are considered low.”
MedlinePlus (U.S. National Library of Medicine) — Cholesterol Levels: What You Need to KnowPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
- 16
Triglycerides are not cholesterol but are measured in the same test; a normal level is below 150 mg/dL.
“Triglycerides are not a type of cholesterol, but they are also measured in this test. A normal triglyceride level is below 150 mg/dL.”
MedlinePlus (U.S. National Library of Medicine) — Cholesterol Levels: What You Need to KnowPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
- 17
The numbers that are best for you may depend on your age, race, blood pressure, weight, family history and more.
“The numbers that are best for you may depend on your age, race, blood pressure, weight, family history, and more.”
MedlinePlus (U.S. National Library of Medicine) — Cholesterol Levels: What You Need to KnowPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
- 18
Your provider may use a risk estimator called PREVENT, which looks at your age, health history and family history, to estimate your risk of heart disease and guide your goals.
“Your provider may use a new risk estimator tool called PREVENT, which stands for Predicting Risk of Cardiovascular Disease EVENTs, to guide these goals and estimate your risk of heart disease.”
“It looks at factors like your age, health history, and family history, and puts you in a risk group.”
MedlinePlus (U.S. National Library of Medicine) — Cholesterol Levels: What You Need to KnowPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
- 19
Risk-based LDL goals: 100 mg/dL or below at low or borderline risk; 70 or below at high risk or with heart disease; 55 or below with heart disease and very high risk.
“Low or borderline risk”
“100 mg/dL or below”
“High risk of future heart attack or stroke”
“70 mg/dL or below”
“Already have heart disease and are at very high risk”
“55 mg/dL or below”
MedlinePlus (U.S. National Library of Medicine) — Cholesterol Levels: What You Need to KnowPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
- 20
Non-HDL gives a better picture of all the "bad" types of cholesterol that can raise heart risk.
“It gives a better picture of all the "bad" types of cholesterol that can raise your heart risk.”
MedlinePlus (U.S. National Library of Medicine) — Cholesterol Levels: What You Need to KnowPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
- 21
Saturated fat is the main dietary problem; it is high in red meat, full-fat dairy, chocolate, some baked goods and many fried and processed foods.
“Saturated fat is the main problem, but cholesterol in foods also matters.”
“Foods that have high levels of saturated fats include red meats, full-fat dairy products, chocolate, some baked goods, and many deep-fried and processed foods.”
MedlinePlus (U.S. National Library of Medicine) — Cholesterol Levels: What You Need to KnowPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
- 22
Adults with overweight or obesity can lower LDL and raise HDL by losing only 3% to 5% of their weight.
“Research has shown that adults with overweight and obesity can lower “bad” LDL cholesterol and raise “good” HDL cholesterol by losing only 3% to 5% of their weight.”
NHLBI (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Blood Cholesterol — TreatmentPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
- 23
Cigarette smoking lowers HDL cholesterol.
“Cigarette smoking lowers your HDL cholesterol.”
MedlinePlus (U.S. National Library of Medicine) — Cholesterol Levels: What You Need to KnowPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
- 24
An unhealthy lifestyle is the most common cause of high LDL or low HDL cholesterol.
“An unhealthy lifestyle is the most common cause of high “bad” LDL cholesterol or low “good” HDL cholesterol.”
NHLBI (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Blood Cholesterol — Causes and Risk FactorsPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
- 25
Family members usually have similar cholesterol levels, and inherited gene changes can cause familial hypercholesterolemia.
“Family members usually have similar cholesterol levels.”
“These changes in genes that control cholesterol levels can cause familial hypercholesterolemia”
NHLBI (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Blood Cholesterol — Causes and Risk FactorsPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
- 26
Some medicines can raise LDL or lower HDL, including amiodarone, retinoids for acne and steroids such as prednisone.
“Some medicines that you take for other health problems can raise your level of “bad” LDL cholesterol or lower your level of “good” HDL cholesterol, including:”
“Arrhythmia medicines, such as amiodarone”
“Retinoids to treat acne”
“Steroids, such as prednisone, to treat inflammatory diseases such as lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, and psoriasis”
NHLBI (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Blood Cholesterol — Causes and Risk FactorsPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
- 27
Conditions such as chronic kidney disease, diabetes, an underactive thyroid and PCOS raise the risk of high cholesterol.
“Talk to your healthcare provider about your risk of high cholesterol if you have any of the following:”
“Chronic kidney disease”
“Hypothyroidism”
“Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)”
NHLBI (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Blood Cholesterol — Causes and Risk FactorsPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
- 28
Drinking more than two drinks a day for men, or one for women, can raise total cholesterol.
“Drinking too much alcohol (more than two drinks a day for men or one drink a day for women) can raise your total cholesterol level.”
NHLBI (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Blood Cholesterol — Causes and Risk FactorsPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
- 29
Foods high in saturated fat raise LDL; no more than 10% of daily calories should come from saturated fat.
“Eating a lot of foods high in saturated fats raises “bad” LDL cholesterol levels.”
“No more than 10% of your daily calories should come from saturated fats.”
NHLBI (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Blood Cholesterol — Causes and Risk FactorsPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
- 30
High cholesterol is most often diagnosed between ages 40 and 59; after menopause, women's total and LDL cholesterol usually rise and HDL falls.
“However, high cholesterol is most commonly diagnosed in people between ages 40 and 59.”
“After menopause, women’s levels of total and “bad” LDL cholesterol usually go up, while their levels of “good” HDL cholesterol go down.”
NHLBI (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Blood Cholesterol — Causes and Risk FactorsPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
- 31
Asian Americans, including people of Indian descent, are more likely than other U.S. groups to have high LDL cholesterol.
“Asian Americans , including those of Indian, Filipino, Japanese, and Vietnamese descent, are more likely to have high levels of “bad” LDL cholesterol than other groups.”
NHLBI (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Blood Cholesterol — Causes and Risk FactorsPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
- 32
Even with a family history, a heart-healthy lifestyle can help prevent unhealthy cholesterol levels.
“Even if you have a family history of high blood cholesterol, you can still help prevent unhealthy blood cholesterol levels with a heart-healthy lifestyle”
NHLBI (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Blood Cholesterol — Causes and Risk FactorsPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
- 33
The TLC and DASH eating plans can lower LDL: whole grains, fruits and vegetables instead of sweets and refined carbohydrates, and a variety of nuts.
“The Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes and DASH eating plans can help you lower your “bad” LDL cholesterol.”
“Eating whole grains, fruits, and vegetables rather than refined carbohydrates such as sweets and other high-sugar foods”
“Eating a variety of nuts”
NHLBI (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Blood Cholesterol — TreatmentPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
- 34
Physical activity can lower LDL and triglycerides and raise HDL.
“Studies have shown that physical activity can lower LDL cholesterol and triglycerides and raise your “good” HDL cholesterol.”
NHLBI (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Blood Cholesterol — TreatmentPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
- 35
Getting 7 to 9 hours of sleep lowers the risk of high LDL and total cholesterol.
“Getting 7 to 9 hours of sleep a day lowers your risk for high “bad” cholesterol (LDL) and total cholesterol.”
NHLBI (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Blood Cholesterol — TreatmentPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
- 36
Statins are the most common cholesterol medicine. They reduce the cholesterol the liver makes, and lower the risk of heart attack and stroke in people with high LDL.
“Statins are the most common medicine used to treat high blood cholesterol. They reduce the amount of cholesterol made in the liver. Studies have shown that statins lower the risk of heart attack and stroke in people with high LDL cholesterol.”
NHLBI (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Blood Cholesterol — TreatmentPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
- 37
Statins may raise diabetes risk, mainly in people already at high risk such as those with prediabetes. Actual liver damage is extremely rare; muscle damage is a rare side effect.
“However, this mainly happens in people already at high risk of diabetes, such as those who have prediabetes”
“Statins may also cause abnormal results on liver enzymes tests, but actual liver damage is extremely rare.”
“Other rare side effects include muscle damage and cognitive impairment.”
NHLBI (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Blood Cholesterol — TreatmentPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
- 38
Ezetimibe or bempedoic acid may be used if statins cause side effects or do not lower LDL enough; bile acid sequestrants if statins cannot be taken or are not enough; PCSK9 inhibitors are injected under the skin.
“Ezetimibe or bempedoic acid may be used if statins cause side effects, or if statin treatment and lifestyle changes do not lower your “bad” LDL level enough.”
“Bile acid sequestrants may be prescribed if you cannot take statins or if statins alone are not lowering your cholesterol enough.”
“PCSK9 inhibitors are a type of medicine that you inject under your skin.”
NHLBI (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Blood Cholesterol — TreatmentPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
- 39
If you take a cholesterol medicine, keep up your healthy lifestyle changes.
“If your provider prescribes medicines as part of your treatment plan, be sure to continue your healthy lifestyle changes.”
NHLBI (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Blood Cholesterol — TreatmentPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
- 40
Do not stop a statin on your own; that can lead to a serious problem.
“You should not stop taking this medicine on your own, since that can lead to a serious problem or, in rare cases, even cause death.”
MedlinePlus (U.S. National Library of Medicine) — StatinsPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
- 41
If you have muscle pain on a statin, tell your provider; a blood test can check for muscle damage, and switching statins may help.
“If you start having muscle pain, your provider may order a blood test to look look for muscle damage.”
“The pain may go away if you switch to a different statin.”
MedlinePlus (U.S. National Library of Medicine) — StatinsPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
- 42
Statins should not be taken during pregnancy or breastfeeding.
“You should not take statins if you are pregnant or breastfeeding”
MedlinePlus (U.S. National Library of Medicine) — StatinsPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
- 43
Grapefruit juice interacts with some statins, such as simvastatin and atorvastatin; a lot of it can leave too much of the drug in the body.
“Some statin drugs to lower cholesterol, such as Zocor (simvastatin) and Lipitor (atorvastatin).”
“For example, if you drink a lot of grapefruit juice while taking certain statin drugs to lower cholesterol, too much of the drug may stay in your body, increasing your risk for liver and muscle damage that can lead to kidney failure.”
U.S. Food and Drug Administration — Grapefruit Juice and Some Drugs Don't MixPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
- 44
Triglycerides rise with regularly eating more calories than you burn, especially sugar, and with excessive alcohol.
“Regularly eating more calories than you burn off, especially if you eat a lot of sugar”
“Excessive alcohol use”
MedlinePlus (U.S. National Library of Medicine) — TriglyceridesPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
- 45
Triglycerides of 150 to 199 mg/dL are borderline high, 200 to 499 high and 500 or above very high; limiting sugar, refined foods and alcohol helps lower them.
“Borderline high”
“150 to 199 mg/dL”
“200 to 499 mg/dL”
“500 mg/dL and above”
“Limiting sugar and refined foods”
“Limiting alcohol”
MedlinePlus (U.S. National Library of Medicine) — TriglyceridesPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
- 46
Red yeast rice can contain monacolin K, which is structurally identical to the statin lovastatin.
“Monacolin K is structurally identical to the medicine lovastatin.”
NCCIH (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Red Yeast Rice: What You Need To KnowPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
- 47
You cannot know how much monacolin K a product contains; in one review the amount varied more than 60-fold between brands.
“It’s impossible for consumers to know the amount of monacolin K in red yeast rice products.”
“the quantity ranged more than 60-fold, from 0.09 to 5.48 mg per 1,200 mg of red yeast rice.”
NCCIH (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Red Yeast Rice: What You Need To KnowPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
- 48
Red yeast rice with significant monacolin K can have the same side effects and drug interactions as statins, including muscle, kidney and liver damage.
“Red yeast rice products that contain significant amounts of monacolin K can have the same potential side effects as statin drugs, including muscle, kidney, and liver damage.”
“Red yeast rice products can have the same types of drug interactions as statin drugs and therefore may interfere with certain medicines or increase the chance for side effects.”
NCCIH (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Red Yeast Rice: What You Need To KnowPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
- 49
Some red yeast rice products contain citrinin, a toxic contaminant that can damage the kidneys.
“Some red yeast rice products contain a contaminant called citrinin, which is toxic and can damage the kidneys.”
NCCIH (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Red Yeast Rice: What You Need To KnowPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
- 50
Products with considerable monacolin K may lower cholesterol, but the FDA treats them as unapproved new drugs that cannot be sold legally in the U.S.
“Red yeast rice products that have considerable amounts of monacolin K may effectively lower blood cholesterol levels”
“these products are considered by the FDA to be unapproved new drugs and are not sold legally in the United States.”
NCCIH (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Red Yeast Rice: What You Need To KnowPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
- 51
Red yeast rice is not recommended during pregnancy or breastfeeding.
“Red yeast rice products are not recommended for those who are pregnant or lactating.”
NCCIH (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Red Yeast Rice: What You Need To KnowPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
- 52
The clinic's handwritten formulary lists, under "Cholesterol", plant phytosterols, guggul (reading uncertain) and red yeast rice; no doses or uses are written (page 1).
“Page 1, heading "Cholesterol": phytosterol from plant method; Guggul (mucul) [?]; Red yeast rice”
Pakistan Institute of Medical Advancement (PIMA), Karachi — clinic document — Handwritten clinic formulary, 2 pages (private clinic document; not online)Clinic document — quoted from ProperHealth’s transcription or translation of a scan; not independently verified
- 53
A clinic leaflet (brochure set, page 7) promotes "Rotoplasminogen-Ec" (lumbrokinase) as "A Natural Tissue Plasminogen Activator" and lists hypercholesterolemia among the conditions it calls it "Highly effective" for.
“A Natural Tissue Plasminogen Activator.”
“Highly effective: Ischimic heart diseases, Cardiovascular complications, Microcirculatory disorders”
“Arteriosclerosis, Hypercholesterolemia, Cerebral thrombosis”
Pakistan Institute of Medical Advancement (PIMA), Karachi — clinic document — Printed brochure set, 8 pages (pages cited individually) (private clinic document; not online)Clinic document — quoted from ProperHealth’s transcription or translation of a scan; not independently verified
- 54
Higher HDL may not be as protective as once believed, and other risk factors such as high blood pressure, obesity or diabetes may outweigh its benefit.
“A study found that higher levels of HDL may not be as beneficial in some Black and White adults as was once believed.”
“Having other risk factors, such as high blood pressure , obesity , or diabetes may outweigh the health benefits of higher HDL levels.”
NHLBI (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Blood Cholesterol — Causes and Risk FactorsPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
- 55
Chest pain or pressure, breathlessness, sweating, or pain spreading to the arm, neck or jaw — call 911.
“If you are having symptoms of a heart attack, you should call 911, even if you are not sure it is a heart attack.”
“Discomfort in the upper body. You may feel pain or discomfort in one or both arms, the back, shoulders, neck, jaw, or upper part of the stomach.”
“You may break out in a cold sweat.”
MedlinePlus (U.S. National Library of Medicine) — Heart AttackPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
- 56
Sudden face droop, arm weakness or speech difficulty — call 911. This can be a stroke.
“F — Face: Ask the person to smile. Does one side of the face droop?”
“A — Arms: Ask the person to raise both arms. Does one arm drift downward?”
“S — Speech: Ask the person to repeat a simple phrase. Is their speech slurred or strange?”
“T — Time: If you observe any of these signs, call 9-1-1 right away.”
NHLBI (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Stroke - SymptomsPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
- 57
Severe muscle pain or weakness with dark urine while on a statin — call your doctor or get emergency help immediately.
“Some side effects can be serious. The following symptoms are uncommon, but if you experience any of them, call your doctor or get emergency medical help immediately:”
“muscle pain, tenderness, or weakness; lack of energy, extreme tiredness or weakness; fever; flu-like symptoms”
“dark-colored urine”
MedlinePlus (U.S. National Library of Medicine) — Atorvastatin: MedlinePlus Drug InformationPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
- 58
Yellowing of the eyes or skin on a cholesterol medicine or supplement — call your doctor immediately.
“yellowing of the skin or eyes”
MedlinePlus (U.S. National Library of Medicine) — Atorvastatin: MedlinePlus Drug InformationPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
- 59
Yellowing of the eyes or skin on a cholesterol medicine or supplement — call your doctor immediately.
“Red yeast rice products that contain significant amounts of monacolin K can have the same potential side effects as statin drugs, including muscle, kidney, and liver damage.”
NCCIH (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Red Yeast Rice: What You Need To KnowPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
- 60
Leg pain when walking that eases with rest — book an assessment.
“Pain, aching, heaviness, or cramping in your legs that comes when walking or climbing stairs and goes away after rest is called intermittent claudication.”
NHLBI (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Peripheral Artery Disease - SymptomsPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
- 61
Leg pain when walking that eases with rest — book an assessment.
“Contact your provider if you have:”
“Symptoms of arteriosclerosis of the extremities”
MedlinePlus (U.S. National Library of Medicine) — Peripheral artery disease - legsPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
Source documents
- NHLBI (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — What Is Blood Cholesterol?
Saved 2026-10-19 · download · page date April 17, 2024 · SHA-2567948c661ebbb9de8… - NHLBI (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Blood Cholesterol — Symptoms
Saved 2026-10-19 · download · page date April 18, 2024 · SHA-256b80a87efa03fd463… - NHLBI (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Blood Cholesterol — Causes and Risk Factors
Saved 2026-10-19 · download · page date April 19, 2024 · SHA-25665142d5e5fe96fea… - NHLBI (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Blood Cholesterol — Diagnosis
Saved 2026-10-19 · download · page date April 18, 2024 · SHA-256811b9936252fc5d3… - NHLBI (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Blood Cholesterol — Treatment
Saved 2026-10-19 · download · page date April 19, 2024 · SHA-2568dfed202c0c0bf96… - MedlinePlus (U.S. National Library of Medicine) — Cholesterol Levels: What You Need to Know
Saved 2026-10-19 · download · SHA-256c4bf1895c2520f48… - MedlinePlus (U.S. National Library of Medicine) — Statins
Saved 2026-10-19 · download · SHA-256c9e5045c8eb6735c… - MedlinePlus (U.S. National Library of Medicine) — Triglycerides
Saved 2026-10-19 · download · SHA-2563072e53d4f83a275… - U.S. Food and Drug Administration — Grapefruit Juice and Some Drugs Don't Mix
Saved 2026-10-19 · download · page date 07/01/2021 · SHA-25650c90b4a370d654b… - NCCIH (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Red Yeast Rice: What You Need To Know
Saved 2026-10-19 · download · page date November 2022 · SHA-2561310e04b130bad94… - Pakistan Institute of Medical Advancement (PIMA), Karachi — clinic document — Handwritten clinic formulary, 2 pages (private clinic document; not online)
Saved 2026-10-21 · ProperHealth transcription of a scanned handwritten clinic document (private archive); uncertain readings marked [?] · SHA-256aca6053d7f01bfff… - Pakistan Institute of Medical Advancement (PIMA), Karachi — clinic document — Printed brochure set, 8 pages (pages cited individually) (private clinic document; not online)
Saved 2026-10-21 · ProperHealth transcription of a scanned clinic document (private archive); wording kept as printed · SHA-2560518db262b2bc902… - MedlinePlus (U.S. National Library of Medicine) — Heart Attack
Saved 2026-10-22 · download · SHA-256498273ec83a390ec… - NHLBI (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Stroke - Symptoms
Saved 2026-10-22 · download · SHA-256968203d95d3cb573… - MedlinePlus (U.S. National Library of Medicine) — Atorvastatin: MedlinePlus Drug Information
Saved 2026-10-22 · download · SHA-2562e82dcd4eb6021d6… - NHLBI (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Peripheral Artery Disease - Symptoms
Saved 2026-10-22 · download · SHA-256d65648d7c639d23e… - MedlinePlus (U.S. National Library of Medicine) — Peripheral artery disease - legs
Saved 2026-10-22 · download · SHA-256cdc1d8f44ee6f8f2…
Historical perspective: Dr. Majid Ali archive
Historical perspective drawn from the authorized writings of Dr. Majid Ali, preserved in the Clarkson archive. Shown for context; it is not current medical guidance.
- HDL Cholesterol Is Dignified Cholesterol 2011-12-01
Source of the quoted line and of his argument that the fractions matter more than the total. - Does Cholesterol Help the Elderly Live Longer 2010-09-02
His claim that higher cholesterol protects older people from heart attacks, strokes and infections. Held, below. - Cholesterol - the useful idiots of statin makers 2014-06-07
Cited to disagree with it. His statin criticism is not supported by the sources used here.
Claims we deliberately did not carry
- His criticism of statins, including the article titled "the useful idiots of statin makers".
- His claim that higher cholesterol protects older people from heart attacks, strokes, infections and brain disease.
- Lumbrokinase ("Rotoplasminogen-Ec") as "Highly effective" for high cholesterol, from the clinic's leaflet.ProperHealth found no NIH or FDA evaluation of lumbrokinase for cholesterol.53 Shown with evidence context only.
Safety wording awaiting sign-off
The 'When to get help now' list is ProperHealth safety wording. Each line cites the official guidance it follows, and those passages are listed above with the other claims. The wording still needs pharmacist sign-off before public use.