Insulin resistance & prediabetes

Sources

Every numbered claim on the overview and article pages is listed here with the exact passage it rests on. 94 passages were checked word-for-word against the saved copies listed below.

Pharmacist review pending94 verified passagesUpdated 2026-10-22

Current evidence

1

Insulin is a hormone made by the pancreas. It helps glucose get into your cells, where it is used for energy.

“Insulin is a hormone made by the pancreas that helps glucose get into your cells to be used for energy.”

NIDDK (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — What Is Diabetes?Passage verified word-for-word in saved copy
2

Insulin acts like a key that lets blood sugar into your cells.

“Insulin acts like a key to let blood sugar into your body cells, which use the sugar as energy.”

U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) — About Insulin Resistance and Type 2 DiabetesPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
3

Insulin resistance means cells in your muscles, fat and liver don't respond well to insulin.

“Insulin resistance means that cells in your muscles, fat, and liver don’t respond well to insulin.”

NIDDK (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Insulin Resistance & PrediabetesPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
4

The pancreas keeps releasing more insulin to make cells respond. Eventually it can't keep up, and blood sugar keeps rising.

“Your blood sugar remains high, which causes your pancreas to keep releasing more insulin to make your cells respond.”
“Eventually, your pancreas can't keep up and your blood sugar keeps increasing.”

U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) — About Insulin Resistance and Type 2 DiabetesPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
5

Prediabetes means blood glucose is higher than normal but not high enough to be diagnosed as type 2 diabetes.

“People have prediabetes if they have blood glucose levels that are higher than normal but not high enough to be diagnosed as type 2 diabetes.”

NIDDK (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Insulin Resistance & PrediabetesPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
6

Most people with prediabetes don't know they have it, because there are usually no symptoms.

“Most people don't know they have prediabetes because usually there are no symptoms.”

MedlinePlus (U.S. National Library of Medicine) — PrediabetesPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
7

People with insulin resistance and prediabetes usually have no symptoms.

“People with insulin resistance and prediabetes usually have no symptoms.”

NIDDK (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Insulin Resistance & PrediabetesPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
8

In 2021, about 97.6 million U.S. adults had prediabetes.

“In 2021, about 97.6 million people in the United States ages 18 and older had prediabetes.”

NIDDK (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Insulin Resistance & PrediabetesPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
9

You can't tell by looking at someone. Overweight is a risk factor, but people without it can have insulin resistance too.

“You can't tell if someone has insulin resistance by looking at them. Although overweight and obesity are risk factors, you do not have to have them to have insulin resistance.”

U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) — About Insulin Resistance and Type 2 DiabetesPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
10

A direct test for insulin resistance is mainly used in research, not routine care.

“Health care professionals may not test for insulin resistance. The test for insulin resistance is primarily used only for research studies.”

NIDDK (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Insulin Resistance & PrediabetesPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
11

Prediabetes ranges: A1C 5.7% to 6.4%; fasting plasma glucose 100 to 125 mg/dL; oral glucose tolerance test 140 to 199 mg/dL.

“You have prediabetes if your A1C results are between 5.7% to 6.4%.”
“You have prediabetes if your FPG results are between 100 to 125 mg/dL (milligrams per deciliter).”
“You have prediabetes if your OGTT results are between 140 to 199 mg/dL.”

NIDDK (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Insulin Resistance & PrediabetesPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
12

Normal: fasting glucose 99 mg/dL or below; A1C below 5.7%.

“A normal level is 99 or below”
“A normal level is below 5.7%”

MedlinePlus (U.S. National Library of Medicine) — PrediabetesPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
13

Diabetes range: A1C 6.5% or above; fasting plasma glucose 126 mg/dL or above.

“6.5% or above”
“126 mg/dL or above”

NIDDK (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Diabetes Tests & DiagnosisPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
14

Fasting glucose is a snapshot of one moment. A1C reflects your average over about 3 months, though it can miss prediabetes in some health conditions.

“The FPG test shows your blood glucose level at the time of the test. The A1C test shows your average blood glucose level over the past 3 months. In people with certain health conditions, the A1C test may miss prediabetes.”

NIDDK (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Insulin Resistance & PrediabetesPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
15

Testing is usually suggested from age 35, or earlier if you have overweight or obesity plus other risk factors.

“Your health care professional may order tests for prediabetes if you’re age 35 or older, or if you have overweight or obesity and other risk factors for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes.”

NIDDK (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Insulin Resistance & PrediabetesPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
16

Other risk factors include a family history of diabetes, low physical activity, diabetes during a past pregnancy, and conditions such as PCOS.

“having a family history of diabetes.”
“not being physically active.”
“having a history of gestational diabetes , a type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy, or having given birth to a baby weighing 9 pounds or more.”
“having other diseases or conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)”

NIDDK (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Insulin Resistance & PrediabetesPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
17

With risk factors but normal results, retest at least every 3 years. With prediabetes, test for type 2 diabetes every year.

“If you have risk factors for type 2 diabetes but tests show you don’t have prediabetes, you may be retested at least every 3 years. If tests show you have prediabetes, you should be tested for type 2 diabetes every year.”

NIDDK (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Insulin Resistance & PrediabetesPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
18

People with prediabetes have a high chance of developing type 2 diabetes within 5 to 10 years — but not everyone does.

“People with prediabetes have a high chance of developing type 2 diabetes within 5 to 10 years.”
“But not everyone with prediabetes develops type 2 diabetes.”

NIDDK (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Insulin Resistance & PrediabetesPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
19

Type 2 diabetes can affect almost every part of the body, including the heart, eyes, kidneys and nerves.

“Type 2 diabetes can affect almost every part of your body, including your heart , eyes , kidneys , and nerves .”

NIDDK (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Insulin Resistance & PrediabetesPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
20

In the Diabetes Prevention Program, a lifestyle program lowered the chance of developing type 2 diabetes by 58% over about 3 years, compared with placebo.

“After about 3 years, the DPP showed that participants in the DPP Lifestyle Change Program lowered their chances of developing type 2 diabetes by 58 percent compared with participants who took a placebo”

NIDDK (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP)Passage verified word-for-word in saved copy
21

Metformin lowered the chance by 31%, compared with placebo.

“Participants who took metformin lowered their chances of developing type 2 diabetes by 31 percent compared with participants who took a placebo.”

NIDDK (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP)Passage verified word-for-word in saved copy
22

Each year of the study, about 5% of people in the lifestyle program developed diabetes, compared with 11% on placebo.

“About 5 percent of participants in the DPP Lifestyle Change Program developed diabetes each year during the study compared with 11 percent of participants who took a placebo.”

NIDDK (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP)Passage verified word-for-word in saved copy
23

At 10 years of follow-up: lifestyle 34% lower, metformin 18% lower, compared with placebo.

“10-Year Findings”
“participants who took part in the DPP Lifestyle Change Program continued to have a delay in the development of diabetes by 34 percent”
“participants who continued to take metformin had a delay in the development of diabetes by 18 percent—and developed diabetes about 2 years later”

NIDDK (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP)Passage verified word-for-word in saved copy
24

At 15 years of follow-up: lifestyle 27% lower, metformin 18% lower, compared with placebo.

“15-Year Findings”
“participants from the DPP Lifestyle Change Program continued to have a delay in the development of diabetes by 27 percent compared with participants who took a placebo.”
“participants who continued to take metformin had a delay in the development of diabetes by 18 percent compared with participants who took a placebo.”

NIDDK (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP)Passage verified word-for-word in saved copy
25

The lifestyle program aimed for 7% weight loss, kept off, through fewer calories and 150 minutes of exercise a week.

“Participants tried to lose 7 percent of their body weight and maintain that weight loss by eating less fat and fewer calories and exercising 150 minutes per week.”

NIDDK (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP)Passage verified word-for-word in saved copy
26

The Diabetes Prevention Program was a randomized controlled trial at 27 U.S. centers from 1996 to 2001, with 3,234 participants.

“The DPP was a randomized, controlled clinical trial conducted at 27 clinical centers around the United States from 1996 to 2001. The trial enrolled 3,234 participants”

NIDDK (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP)Passage verified word-for-word in saved copy
27

It studied people at high risk for type 2 diabetes.

“The DPP showed that people who are at high risk for type 2 diabetes can prevent or delay the disease by losing a modest amount of weight through lifestyle changes (dietary changes and increased physical activity).”

NIDDK (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP)Passage verified word-for-word in saved copy
28

The lifestyle group received intensive training, with at least 16 individual sessions in the first 24 weeks.

“Group participants joined a DPP Lifestyle Change Program that provided intensive training.”
“Researchers met with participants individually at least 16 times in the first 24 weeks”

NIDDK (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP)Passage verified word-for-word in saved copy
29

The metformin group took 850 mg twice a day, with standard diet and activity advice.

“Metformin Group – Group participants took 850 mg of metformin twice a day and were provided standard advice about diet and physical activity.”

NIDDK (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP)Passage verified word-for-word in saved copy
30

The placebo group took a dummy pill twice a day, with the same standard advice.

“Placebo Group – Group participants took a placebo twice a day instead of metformin and were provided standard advice about diet and physical activity.”

NIDDK (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP)Passage verified word-for-word in saved copy
31

A group version of the lifestyle program is widely available in the U.S. through the CDC's National Diabetes Prevention Program.

“One version tested in YMCAs is now widely available in the United States through a partnership with the CDC’s National Diabetes Prevention Program”

NIDDK (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP)Passage verified word-for-word in saved copy
32

For people at high risk, losing 5% to 7% of starting weight helped reduce the chance of developing diabetes.

“losing 5% to 7% of their starting weight helped reduce their chance of developing the disease.”

NIDDK (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Insulin Resistance & PrediabetesPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
33

Healthy living may help prevent or reverse insulin resistance and prediabetes.

“Healthy living may help prevent or reverse insulin resistance and prediabetes.”

NIDDK (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Insulin Resistance & PrediabetesPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
34

Physical activity makes your body more sensitive to insulin.

“Physical activity makes you more sensitive to insulin”

U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) — About Insulin Resistance and Type 2 DiabetesPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
35

A healthy lifestyle here means healthy foods and drinks, physical activity, weight management and enough sleep.

“consuming healthy foods and drinks”
“being physically active”
“managing your weight”
“getting enough sleep”

NIDDK (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Insulin Resistance & PrediabetesPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
36

Clinicians may also prescribe medicines such as metformin to help manage glucose and prevent type 2 diabetes.

“health care professionals may also prescribe medicines such as metformin to help you manage your blood glucose levels and to prevent type 2 diabetes.”

NIDDK (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Insulin Resistance & PrediabetesPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
37

Some diabetes medicines can cause low blood glucose if they aren't balanced with food and activity.

“Some diabetes medicines can cause hypoglycemia , also called low blood glucose, if you don’t balance your medicines with food and activity.”

NIDDK (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Insulin, Medicines, & Other Diabetes TreatmentsPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
38

Sulfonylureas, for example, increase insulin over several hours.

“sulfonylureas, usually taken once or twice per day, which increase insulin over several hours”

NIDDK (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Low Blood Glucose (Hypoglycemia)Passage verified word-for-word in saved copy
39

Signs of low blood glucose include feeling shaky, hungry, dizzy, confused or irritable.

“shaky or jittery”
“hungry”
“dizzy, lightheaded, confused, or irritable”

NIDDK (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Low Blood Glucose (Hypoglycemia)Passage verified word-for-word in saved copy
40

Severely low blood glucose can cause passing out, coma or death.

“severely low blood glucose can cause serious complications, including passing out, coma, or death.”

NIDDK (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Low Blood Glucose (Hypoglycemia)Passage verified word-for-word in saved copy
41

Evidence that chromium, cinnamon or berberine help blood sugar is weak, with no clear conclusions.

“some studies suggest that chromium, cinnamon, or berberine might help with blood sugar control”
“leading to no clear conclusions”

NCCIH (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Diabetes and Dietary SupplementsPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
42

Berberine may interact with some medicines.

“Berberine may interact with some medicines, possibly causing unwanted side effects.”

NCCIH (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Diabetes and Dietary SupplementsPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
43

The FDA warns about products claiming to be a "natural diabetes cure" or to "replace your diabetes medicine".

“The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is warning consumers about products for diabetes that seem too good to be true, such as those that claim to be a “natural diabetes cure” or to “replace your diabetes medicine.””

NCCIH (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Diabetes and Dietary SupplementsPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
44

Metformin might reduce vitamin B12 absorption and lower B12 levels.

“Metformin might reduce vitamin B12 absorption and lower blood levels of vitamin B12.”

NIH Office of Dietary Supplements — Vitamin B12 - Fact Sheet for ConsumersPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
45

The clinic's Urdu brochure (in ProperHealth's translation) offers a "sugar reversal plan": follow it and "freedom from diabetes" can be achieved, with sugar under control within about one and a half months. It calls the plan guaranteed.

“We have a sugar reversal plan (R.P.). If it is followed, freedom from diabetes can be achieved; within one and a half months sugar comes under control.”
“Our plan is a guaranteed plan.”

Pakistan Institute of Medical Advancement (PIMA), Karachi — clinic document — Diabetes pages: brochure set page 6 (English) and Urdu trifold (ProperHealth translation) (private clinic document; not online)Clinic document — quoted from ProperHealth’s transcription or translation of a scan; not independently verified
46

An English clinic page (brochure set, page 6) states "Diabetes Is An Oxygen Problem" and that diabetes is "an insulin toxicity before it becomes a sugar problem".

“Diabetes Is An Oxygen Problem”
“Diabetes is an insulin toxicity before it becomes a sugar problem.”

Pakistan Institute of Medical Advancement (PIMA), Karachi — clinic document — Diabetes pages: brochure set page 6 (English) and Urdu trifold (ProperHealth translation) (private clinic document; not online)Clinic document — quoted from ProperHealth’s transcription or translation of a scan; not independently verified
47

The Urdu brochure explains that fat builds up around cells so insulin cannot get in, and that oxygen, given by IV, by mouth and on the skin, is the "detergent" that clears it.

“The best detergent for cleaning this grease is oxygen. In this therapy, IV, oral and topical components are all used.”

Pakistan Institute of Medical Advancement (PIMA), Karachi — clinic document — Diabetes pages: brochure set page 6 (English) and Urdu trifold (ProperHealth translation) (private clinic document; not online)Clinic document — quoted from ProperHealth’s transcription or translation of a scan; not independently verified
48

The same brochure states a success rate "up to 100%" for the clinic's method and "only 2%" for conventional medicine, without giving a source or study.

“The success rate of our method of treatment is up to 100%, while allopathy has a success rate of only 2%.”

Pakistan Institute of Medical Advancement (PIMA), Karachi — clinic document — Diabetes pages: brochure set page 6 (English) and Urdu trifold (ProperHealth translation) (private clinic document; not online)Clinic document — quoted from ProperHealth’s transcription or translation of a scan; not independently verified
49

Sustained diet and lifestyle programs can help reverse prediabetes and prevent diabetes, and research on one long-term program suggests remission may be possible for some people with type 2 diabetes.

“sustained dietary and lifestyle change programs can help to reverse prediabetes and prevent diabetes.”
“According to research on a long-term dietary and lifestyle intervention, remission may be possible for some people with type 2 diabetes.”

NCCIH (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Diabetes and Dietary SupplementsPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
50

Very high readings with thirst, frequent urination, blurred vision or weight loss — contact your provider.

“increased urination”
“feeling very thirsty”
“blurred vision”

NIDDK (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Symptoms & Causes of DiabetesPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
51

Very high readings with thirst, frequent urination, blurred vision or weight loss — contact your provider.

“Contact your provider if your blood sugar is too high or too low and you do not understand why.”

MedlinePlus (U.S. National Library of Medicine) — High blood sugar - self-carePassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
52

Shaking, sweating, confusion or unusual drowsiness on a glucose-lowering medicine — treat the low as you were taught. If it does not improve after sugar, or the person becomes less alert, call 911.

“shaky or jittery”
“dizzy, lightheaded, confused, or irritable”
“If your blood glucose is below your target, take 15 to 20 grams of glucose or carbohydrates right away.”

NIDDK (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Low Blood Glucose (Hypoglycemia)Passage verified word-for-word in saved copy
53

Shaking, sweating, confusion or unusual drowsiness on a glucose-lowering medicine — treat the low as you were taught. If it does not improve after sugar, or the person becomes less alert, call 911.

“If signs of low blood sugar do not improve after you have eaten a snack that has sugar:”
“Call 911 or the local emergency number”
“Get medical help right away for a person with diabetes or low blood sugar who:”
“Becomes less alert”

MedlinePlus (U.S. National Library of Medicine) — Low blood sugarPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
54

Fruity-smelling breath, deep fast breathing, vomiting or stomach pain with high sugars — call 911.

“Go to the emergency room or call 911 or the local emergency number if you or a family member with diabetes has any of the following:”
“Fruity breath”
“Nausea and vomiting”
“Trouble breathing”
“Deep, rapid breathing”
“Stomach pain”

MedlinePlus (U.S. National Library of Medicine) — Diabetic ketoacidosisPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
55

A foot cut, blister or sore that does not start to heal in a few days — call your provider right away. New numbness in your feet — book an appointment.

“Call your health care provider right away if you have”
“a cut, blister, or bruise on your foot that does not start to heal after a few days”

NIDDK (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Diabetes & Foot ProblemsPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
56

A foot cut, blister or sore that does not start to heal in a few days — call your provider right away. New numbness in your feet — book an appointment.

“Contact your provider if:”
“Your numbness or tingling has no obvious cause”

MedlinePlus (U.S. National Library of Medicine) — Numbness and tinglingPassage verified word-for-word in saved copy
57

A sudden change in vision, flashes of light or many new floaters in anyone with diabetes — call a doctor right away.

“Call a doctor right away if you notice sudden changes to your vision, including flashes of light or many more spots (floaters) than usual.”

NIDDK (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Diabetic Eye DiseasePassage verified word-for-word in saved copy

Source documents

NIDDK (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Insulin Resistance & Prediabetes
Saved 2026-10-19 · download · SHA-256 890d23c2cd18e1db…
NIDDK (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — What Is Diabetes?
Saved 2026-10-19 · download · SHA-256 04cc40a5cb634d9c…
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) — About Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes
Saved 2026-10-19 · browser text (download refused, HTTP 403) · page date May 15, 2024 · SHA-256 29112db821d98391…
MedlinePlus (U.S. National Library of Medicine) — Prediabetes
Saved 2026-10-19 · download · SHA-256 2fa6cd9a33691259…
NIDDK (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Diabetes Tests & Diagnosis
Saved 2026-10-19 · download · SHA-256 36a2495718e2d39b…
NIDDK (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP)
Saved 2026-10-19 · download · SHA-256 ef0dd86f5884b4d1…
NIDDK (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Insulin, Medicines, & Other Diabetes Treatments
Saved 2026-10-19 · download · SHA-256 09470c19b7683298…
NIDDK (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Low Blood Glucose (Hypoglycemia)
Saved 2026-10-19 · download · SHA-256 b4c6b4d12aeff72d…
NCCIH (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Diabetes and Dietary Supplements
Saved 2026-10-19 · download · SHA-256 3e5be004c8005bd4…
NIH Office of Dietary Supplements — Vitamin B12 - Fact Sheet for Consumers
Saved 2026-10-19 · download · SHA-256 1d16a683119f4d76…
Pakistan Institute of Medical Advancement (PIMA), Karachi — clinic document — Diabetes pages: brochure set page 6 (English) and Urdu trifold (ProperHealth translation) (private clinic document; not online)
Saved 2026-10-19 · ProperHealth transcription and translation of scanned clinic documents (private archive) · SHA-256 9a0b66e3be28033a…
NIDDK (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Symptoms & Causes of Diabetes
Saved 2026-10-22 · download · SHA-256 5a0a62f453609ee4…
MedlinePlus (U.S. National Library of Medicine) — High blood sugar - self-care
Saved 2026-10-22 · download · SHA-256 514ec899239463a3…
MedlinePlus (U.S. National Library of Medicine) — Low blood sugar
Saved 2026-10-22 · download · SHA-256 80d898c1ff3ba6ae…
MedlinePlus (U.S. National Library of Medicine) — Diabetic ketoacidosis
Saved 2026-10-22 · download · SHA-256 33257e0609f3ac68…
NIDDK (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Diabetes & Foot Problems
Saved 2026-10-22 · download · SHA-256 0154503d9137dfdf…
MedlinePlus (U.S. National Library of Medicine) — Numbness and tingling
Saved 2026-10-22 · download · SHA-256 e457caaeac5d4324…
NIDDK (U.S. National Institutes of Health) — Diabetic Eye Disease
Saved 2026-10-22 · download · SHA-256 bc4742530e54e515…

Historical perspective: Dr. Majid Ali archive

Historical perspective drawn from the authorized writings of Dr. Majid Ali, preserved in the Clarkson archive. Shown for context; it is not current medical guidance.

Diabetes Is Not A Sugar Problem 2019-02-26
Source of the quoted line and his argument that glucose is the downstream number.
Insulin: The Life Span Hormone for Healthful Aging 2018-09-21
His fullest statement of insulin as the organising hormone. Chelation and cancer passages not carried.
Diabetes and Insulin Toxicity - Simple Questions, Simple Answers 2018-09-20
Source for the "insulin toxicity" term described and bounded below.
Blood Sugar Tests Are Inappropriate For Assessing Insulin Homeostasis 2018-01-08
Cited to disagree with it. Standard tests remain the recommended tests.

Claims we deliberately did not carry

Diabetes "reversal" programmes built on his framework.
Promises an outcome no one can guarantee. Not carried.
That standard blood sugar tests are inappropriate for assessment.
Contradicts current guidance; A1C and glucose tests remain standard.¹¹
Non-standard diabetes subtypes of his own.
Not recognised diagnostic categories. Not carried.
Chelation and cancer passages within the insulin essays.
Outside this topic and held for pharmacist review.

Safety wording awaiting sign-off

The 'When to get help now' list is ProperHealth safety wording. Each line cites the official guidance it follows, and those passages are listed above with the other claims. The wording still needs pharmacist sign-off before public use.